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Overview of
The Three Rs

also see: Environmental Enrichment and The Third R: Refinement

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Refinement Section 2008
Principle of Humane Experimental Technique
by Russell and Burch
Articles on the 3Rs

Pubmed

References for 3Rs

Agricola

References for 3Rs

 

Journal Articles

Replacement of animal procedures: Alternatives in research, education, and testing, M. Balls

Reduction of animal use: Experimental design and quality of experiments, M.F.W. Festing

Refinement of animal use: Assessment and alleviation of pain and distress, P.A. Flecknell

The three Rs: A supplementary selection of references Balls, Festing, and Flecknell, 2001.

Originally published in Laboratory Animals, v.28, 1994.

UC Center for Animal Alternatives
School of Veterinary Medicine
University of California, Davis
2/14/08

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