Assistance, Therapy, and Working Dogs
Blasch, Bruce B.; Stuckey, Kenneth A. Accessibility and mobility of persons who are visually impaired: A historical analysis. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1995 Sep-Oct. 89 (5): p.417-422 -- Abstract California. Legislature. Senate. Subcommittee on the Rights of the Disabled. An interim hearing on the report to the Legislature : guide, signal, and service dogs : November 15, 1990, State Capitol, Room 112 /, California Legislature, Senate Subcommittee on the Rights of the Disabled. Sacramento, Calif. : The Subcommittee, [1990] 1 v. ; 28 cm. Carriage of guide, hearing and assistance dogs in taxis guidance on the duties, medical exemptions and enforcement :consultation draft /, issued by the Mobility & Inclusion Unit. London : Mobility and Inclusion Unit, Dept. of the Environment,Transport and the Regions, [2000] 1 v. (various pagings) ; 30 cm. Clark-Carter, D. D.; Heyes, A. D.; Howarth, C. I. The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired people. Ergonomics. 1986 Jun. 29 (6): p. 779-789 --Abstract Coppinger, Raymond; Zuccotti, Jule Kennel enrichment: Exercise and socialization of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc: US, 1999. 2 (4): p. 281-296 -- Abstract D. R. Lanea, J. McNicholasb, and G. M. Collisb. Dogs for the disabled: benefits to recipients and welfare of the dog In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science . August ,1998 . 59 (1-3) : 49-60 -- Abstract , Article Emert, Phyllis Raybin. Hearing ear dogs /, by Phyllis Raybin Emert ; edited by Howard Schroeder ; produced & designed by Baker Street Productions. Mankato, MN : Crestwood House, c1985. 47 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 23 cm. Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. A multivariate analysis of the genetics of fearfulness in potential guide dogs.Behavior Genetics. 1985 Jan. 15 (1): p. 69-89 --Abstract Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. Early prediction of adult behaviour in potential guide dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1986 Jun. 15 (3): p. 247-260 --Abstract Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. Genetics of traits which determine the suitability of dogs as guide-dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Ethology. Elsevier Science Inc.: US, 1983 Jan. 9 (3-sup-4): p. 299-315 --Abstract Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. The relationship of fearfulness to, and the effects of, sex, age and experience on exploration and activity in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1984 Apr. 12 (3): p. 267-278 --Abstract Jackson, A. J.; Murphy, P. J.; Dusoir, T.; Dusoir, H.; and others. Ophthalmic, health and social profile of guide dog owners in Northern Ireland. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Elsevier Science Ltd.: England, 1994 Oct. 14 (4): p.371-377 --Abstract Jacobson, William Complementary travel aids for blind persons: The Sonicguide used with a dog guide. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1979 Jan. 73 (1): p. 10-12 --Abstract Jane Eddy, Lynette A. Hart and Ronald P. Boltz. The effects of service dogs on social acknowledgments of people in wheelchairs. The Journal of Psychology. 1998. 122(1):39-45 -- Abstract Jody L. Sandler. Care and treatment of service dogs and their owners. Vet Med Today. June 15, 1996. 208(12): 1979-1981 Koda, N.. Development of play behavior between potential guide dogs for the blind and human raisers. In: Behavioural Processes March 13, 2001. 53 (1-2): 41-46 -- Abstract , Article Koda, Naoko; Shimoju, Sadakazu Human-dog interactions in a guide-dog training program. Psychological Reports. Psychological Reports: US, 1999 Jun. 84 (3, Pt 2): p. 1115-1121 -- Abstract Koda, Naoko. Inappropriate behavior of potential guide dogs for the blind and coping behavior of human raisers. In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2 April, 2001. 72 (1): 79-87. -- Abstract , Article Lena Contreras. My first guide dog, Liza. Veterinary Practice STAFF. 1996. 8(4):19-20 Lynette A. Hart, Benjamin L. Hart, and Bonita Bergin. Socializing effects fo service dogs for people with disabilities. Anthrozoos. 1987. 1:41-44 Lynette A. Hart, R. Lee Zasloff. The role of police dogs as companions and working partners. Psychological Reports. 2000. 86:190-202 -- Abstract Lynette A. Hart, R. Lee Zasloff and Anne Marie Benfatto. The socializing role of hearing dogs In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science April ,1996 . 47(1-2): 7-15 -- Abstract , Article Mader, B., Hart, L. A., & Bergin, B. Social acknowledgments for children with disabilities : effects of service dogs Child Development, 1989. 60:1529-1534 Milligan, Kristen Evaluation of potential dog guide users: The role of the orientation and mobility instructor.Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1999 Apr. 93 (4): p. 241-243 -- Abstract Murphy, Julie A. Describing categories of temperament in potential guide dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Elsevier Science Inc.: US, 1998 Jun. 58 (1-2): p. 163-178 -- Abstract, Article Murphy, Julie A. Assessment of the temperament of potential guide dogs. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1995. 8 (4): p. 224-228 -- Abstract Naderi, Sz.; Miklosi, A.; Doka, A.; Csanyi, V.. Co-operative interactions between blind persons and their dogs. In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science 11 September, 2001. 74 (1): 59-80. -- Abstract , Article Nicholson, Jill; Kemp-Wheeler, Susan; Griffiths, David Distress arising from the end of a guide dog partnership. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1995. 8 (2): p. 100-110 -- Abstract Refson, K.; Jackson, A. J.; Dusoir, A. E.; Archer, D. B.. Ophthalmic and visual profile of guide dog owners in Scotland. In: British Journal of Ophthalmology April, 1999. 83 (4): 470-477. -- Abstract , Article Robson, Howard Dog guide and blind person: The matching process. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness.1985 Oct. 79 (8): p. 356 --Abstract Roche, Michael P.. Legal rights of guide dogs, hearing dogs and service dogs /, by Michael P. Roche. 6th ed. Lakewood, Colorado (P.O. Box 150217, Lakewood, CO 80215-0217 USA) : Freedom Service Dogs, Inc., c1994. 1 v. (unpaged) ; 28 cm Sanders, Clinton R. The impact of guide dogs on the identity of people with visual impairments. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (3): p. 131-139 -- Abstract Serpell, James A.; Hsu, Yuying. Development and validation of a novel method for evaluating behavior and temperament in guide dogs. In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1 June, 2001. 72 (24): 347-364. -- Abstract, Article Smutny, S. K.; Leighton, E. A.; Shanks, R. D. Amercian Society of Animal Science; American Dairy Science Association. Sex and breed differences in growth curves for two breeds of guide dogs. In: Journal of Dairy Science 1998. 81 (SUPPL. 1): 82 Steffens, Melanie C.; Bergler, Reinhold Blind people and their dogs: An empirical study on changes in everyday life, in self-experience, and in communication. In: Cindy C. Wilson, Ed; Dennis C. Turner, Ed. Companion animals in human health.. Sage Publications, Inc Sage Publications, Inc: Thousand Oaks, CA, US Thousand Oaks, CA, US, 1998. p. 149-157 of xvii, 310pp. -- Abstract Tania Woods, "A new world" : Guide dogs as eyes and companions of blind people. Medische Antropologie. 1994. 6(1) :85-107 Uexkuell, J. V. The problem of the dog used as a guide.. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Psychologie. 1933. 45 p.46-53 --Abstract United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. "Seeing-eye" dogs. Hearing before a subcommittee ... Seventy-fifth Congress, first session, on H.R. 6049, a bill to amend the Interstate Commerce Act. May 12, 1937. Washington, U. S. Govt. print. off., 1937. iii, 18 p. 23 cm. Wilsson, Erik; Sundgren, Per-Erik. The use of a behaviour test for the selection of dogs for service and breeding: I: Method of testing and evaluating test results in the adult dog, demands on different kinds of service dogs, sex and breed differences. In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1997. 53 (4): 279-295. -- Abstract , Article
Banks, Marian Ribeiro The effects of animal-assisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly population in long-term care facilities. Louisiana State U Medical Ctr. In New Orleans, S. of Nursing, US,UMI Order number: AAM9827628 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ. Microfilms International: US, 1998 Sep. 59 (3-B): p. 1043 -- Abstract Barak, Yoram; Savorai, Osnat; Mavashev, Svetlana; Beni, Avshalom Animal-assisted therapy for elderly schizophrenic patients: A one-year controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Press: US, 2001 Fal. 9 (4): p. 439-442 -- Abstract Barker, Sandra B.; Dawson, Kathryn S. The effects of animal-assisted therapy on anxiety ratings of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Services. American Psychiatric Association: US, 1998 Jun. 49 (6): p. 797-801 -- Abstract Beck, Alan M. The use of animals to benefit humans: Animal-assisted therapy. In: Aubrey H. Fine, Ed. Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice.. Academic Press, Inc: San Diego, CA, US, 2000. p. 21-40 of xlix, 481pp. --Abstract Bernstein, P. L.; Friedmann, E.; Malaspina, A. Animal-assisted therapy enhances resident social interaction and initiation in long-term care facilities. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (4):p. 213-224 -- Abstract Cieslak, Elizabeth Jean Animal-assisted therapy and the development of an early working alliance: The use of dogs in therapy with young adults. U Wisconsin - Madison, US,UMI Order number: AAI3012481 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Oct. 62 (4-B): p. 2051 -- Abstract Collumb, Elizabeth K. Patient contact with trained therapy dogs : effects on mood and pain perception /, Elizabeth K. Collumb 1999 17 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm Series title: UCSD School of Medicine independent study project ; 1999, no. 23 Crowley-Robinson, Patricia; Blackshaw, Judith K. Nursing home staffs' empathy for a missing therapy dog, their attitudes to animal-assisted therapy programs and suitable dog breeds. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1998. 11 (2): p. 101-104 --Abstract Davis, Kathy Diamond. Therapy dogs : training your dog to reach others /, Kathy Diamond Davis. New York : Howell Book House ; Toronto : Maxwell Macmillan Canada ; New York : Maxwell Macmillan International, c1992. 212 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Dashnaw Stiles, Lisa Ann Animal-assisted therapy with children and the elderly: A critical review. United States International U., US,UMI Order number: AAI3014937 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Dec. 62 (5-B): p. 2480 --Abstract Drawe, Heather L. An animal-assisted therapy program for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Spalding U., US,UMI Order number: AAI9996963 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Jun. 61 (11-B): p. 6130 --Abstract Fine, Aubrey H., Ed Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. Academic Press, Inc: San Diego, CA, US, 2000. xlix, 481pp. --Abstract Hagmann, Catherine Smith The effect of animal-assisted therapy on levels of measured anxiety and depression in residents of assisted living and health care communities. U Tennessee, US,UMI Order number: AAM9840302 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ. Microfilms International: US,1999 Jan. 59 (7-B): p. 3693 --Abstract Kanamori, Masao; Suzuki, Mizue; Yamamoto, Kiyomi; Kanda, Masahiro; Matsui, Yoshimi; Kojima, Emi; Fukawa, Hirono; Sugita, Tomomi; Oshiro, Hajime A day care program and evaluation of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for the elderly with senile dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. Prime National Publishing Corp: US, 2001 Jul-Aug. 16 (4): p. 234-239 --Abstract Khan, M. A.; Farrag, N.. Animal-assisted activity and infection control implications in a healthcare setting. In:Journal of Hospital Infection September, 2000. 46 (1): 4-11. -- Abstract , Article Marr, Carolyn A.; French, Linda; Thompson, Donna; Drum, Larry; Greening, Gloria; Mormon, Jill; Henderson, Irie; Hughes, Carroll W. Animal-assisted therapy in psychiatric rehabilitation. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (1): p. 43-47 -- Abstract Martin, Daun Adair A study of animal-assisted therapy and weekday placement of a social therapy dog in an Alzheimer's disease unit. Washington State U, US,UMI Order number: AAM9917440 Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences. University Microfilms International: US, 1999 Jul. 60 (1-A): p. 0073 -- Abstract Odendaal, J. S. J.. Animal-assisted therapy: Magic or medicine? In: Journal of Psychosomatic Research October, 2000. 49 (4): 275-280. -- Abstract , Article Panzer-Koplow, Sheridan Lynn Effects of animal-assisted therapy on depression and morale among nursing home residents. Rutgers The State U New Jersey - New Brunswick, US,UMI Order number: AAI9960112 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2000 Jul. 61 (1-B): p. 544 -- Abstract Patricia Crowley-Robinsona, Douglas C. Fenwicka and Judith K. Blackshaw. A long-term study of elderly people in nursing homes with visiting and resident dogs. In :Applied Animal Behaviour ScienceApril 1996 , (1-2): Pages 137-148 -- Abstract , Article Sams, M. J.; Gardner, A. A.; Sides, J. M.; Smith, H. S.; Street, M. W.; Reed, C.; Haynie, K. L.; Willenbring, S. The Society for Neuroscience. (29th Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, Part 1 Miami Beach, Florida, USA October 23-28, 1999). Differential behavioral responses in autistic children: Animal-assisted therapy versus conventional therapy. In: Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 1999. 25 (1-2): 489.
Serpell, James A. Animal companions and human well-being: An historical
exploration of the value of human-animal relationships. In: Aubrey H. Fine, Ed. Handbook on animal-assisted therapy:
Theoretical foundations and guidelines for
practice. Academic Press, Inc: San Diego, CA, US, 2000. p. 3-19 of xlix,
481pp. -- Abstract Abstracts Naderi, Sz.; Miklosi, A.; Doka, A.; Csanyi, V.. Co-operative interactions between blind persons and their dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 11 September, 2001. 74 (1): 59-80. Abstract: In two studies, we have investigated the co-operative behaviour between dogs and their owners. We supposed that co-operative behaviour is an inherited trait in dogs, and is a major contributing factor in the development of successful guide dog performance. According to our view, leading a blind person involves complex behaviour where success depends on the ability of the participants to synchronise their actions. In Study I, we observed both British and Hungarian blind owners taking a half-hour walk in their neighbourhood. In Study II, both guide dogs with their blind and pet dogs with their blind-folded owners had to master an obstacle course. Measuring the frequency of initiations of various actions during leading their owners, dogs did not keep the role of the initiator to themselves. However, both dogs and humans were found to initiate more often in some types of actions, for example, guide dogs initialised avoidance or stepping up more often than their owners. Further, the role of the initiator was kept only for short durations, longer sequences of initialising were rare. Despite many differences among groups studied, we observed some qualitaties similarities in the co-operative behaviour of dogs. We assume that during domestication, dogs have been selected for the ability to change to-and-fro the role of the initiator that seems to be fundamental in this type of co-operation. In the case of leading the blind, information should not only be provided but also accepted by both parties in the course of the joint actions, therefore, the leadership (the role of the initiator) may vary form one action to the next. Serpell, James A.; Hsu, Yuying. Development and validation of a novel method for evaluating behavior and temperament in guide dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1 June, 2001. 72 (24): 347-364. Abstract: Most guide and service dog organizations would benefit from the development of accurate methods for the early evaluation of canine temperament traits. This paper describes the development and validation of a novel questionnaire method for assessing behavior and temperament in 1-year-old guide dogs. Volunteer puppy-raisers scored a total of 1097 prospective guide dogs on a series of 40 semantic differential-type, behavioral rating scales. Principle components factor analysis of these scores extracted eight stable and interpretable common factors: stranger-directed fear/aggression, non-social fear, energy level, owner-directed aggression,chasing, trainability, attachment, and dog-directed fear/aggression. Three of these eight factors exhibited moderate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha greater than or equal to 0.72), while the reliabilities of the remaining factors were relatively low (Cronbach's alpha = 0.53-0.61). The eight factors were then validated against the guide dog school's own criteria for rejecting dogs for behavioral reasons.The results of this analysis confirmed the construct validity of the puppy raisers' questionaire assessments of their dogs, and suggested that such methods can provide a useful and accurate means of predicting the suitability of dogs for guiding work. Various modifications to the original questionaire are proposed in order to enhance its overall reliability. Koda, Naoko. Inappropriate behavior of potential guide dogs for the blind and coping behavior of human raisers. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 2 April, 2001. 72 (1): 79-87. Abstract: Inappropriate behaviors of potential guide dogs (puppies) for the blind and coping behaviors of their adult female raisers (puppy walkers: PWs) were videotaped in their play situation at home from when the puppies were 2-11 or 12 months of age. The frequency of inappropriate behavior decreased with an increase in the puppies' age, suggesting that human-dog relationships became friendlier. The PWs tended to use moderate coping behaviors to stop the inappropriate behaviors of the puppies. Rejecting interaction with the puppies was effective for stopping the puppies from biting the PWs. Forcible stopping was effective for stopping the puppies from damaging objects. Not responding to the puppies was effective for stopping the puppies from biting the PWs, barking/growling and damaging objects. Koda, N.. Development of play behavior between potential guide dogs for the blind and human raisers. Behavioural Processes March 13, 2001. 53 (1-2): 41-46. Abstract: This study shows longitudinal development of human-dog interactions in a guide dog raising program. Social play interactions between potential guide dogs for the blind (puppies) and theiradult female raisers (PWs) were videotaped at home during the period from two months to 11 or 12 months of the puppies' age. The puppies and PWs established close proximity relationships by two to three months of age. The older the puppies become, the shorter time the puppies and PWs spent in intensive fighting and chasing play. The older the puppies became, the longer the puppies and PWs spent in waiting, seeking and possessing together play which needed the puppies' self-control, concentration and ability to cooperate with the PWs. Whether or not these behavioral tendencies which the puppies showed were appropriate for guide dog candidates is also discussed. Refson, K.; Jackson, A. J.; Dusoir, A. E.; Archer, D. B.. Ophthalmic and visual profile of guide dog owners inScotland. British Journal of Ophthalmology April, 1999. 83 (4): 470-477. Abstract: Background/aims-Out of an estimated 90 000 visually impaired people in Scotland, 509 make use of a guide dog. Initial research in Northern Ireland suggests that the ophthalmic profile of guide dog owners (GDOs) is highly specific. The aim of this study was to compare the ophthalmic and visual characteristics of Scottish GDOs with other groups of visually impaired people.Methods-A random sample of GDOs from central and northern Scotland (n=82) underwent a detailed assessment of residual vision (distance and near acuity, visual fields, contrast, and glare sensitivity). Comparative data were obtained from two populations of visually impaired non-GDOs-one group attending hospital ophthalmic and low vision clinics (n=50) the other social services rehabilitation clients (n=35). All participants completed a questionnaire to elicit ophthalmic history, age, and registration details. Results-GDOs were found to be significantly younger and more profoundly visually impaired than non-GDOs.The main causes of visual impairment were retinitis pigmentosa (23%), optic atrophy (15%), and retinopathy of prematurity (7%). Ninety nine per cent of GDOs were registered blind and had been visually impaired for an average of 39 years. Only 31% were totally blind.Conclusion-GDOs represent a unique minority of the visually impaired population. Epidemiological registration trends would suggest that the numbers of young profoundly visually impaired people are unlikely to increase relative to their elderly counterparts. This has implications on the future demand for guide dog ownership. Murphy, Julie A.. Describing categories of temperament in potential guide dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Behaviour Science June, 1998. 58 (1-2): 163-178. Abstract: Trainers at the Royal Guide Dogs Associations of Australia (RGDAA) assess 12-month-old potential guide dogs for 20 categories of temperament after walking and observing each dog over 5 days in increasingly complex environments. The present study investigated how trainers interpret these temperantent categories from the canine behaviour observed. Dogs were videotaped by the author on their final assessment walk. Trainers who had no prior knowledge of the dogs on the videotapes observed the tapes and pointed out segments which, in their opinion, showed dogs expressing particular categories of temperament. One hundred and two segments of tape were isolated and examined it detail. The elements of behaviour observed in each segment were noted. Descriptions or 'indicator sets' were determined for nine temperament categories. Each set lists the elements of behaviour shown by dogs in 60%-69%, 70%-79% and greater than or equal to 80% of cases. Indicator sets were not determined for categories that were rarely identified by trainers, rarely observed in dogs, or which could no be assessed from a single videotaped walk. Although each indicator set was unique, some elements of behaviour were common to more than one set. Therefore, it is best to interpret temperament categories from many elements of behaviour rather than just one or two. If adopted by other guide dog associations, the indicator sets derived from this study may be useful in standardising the identification and assessment of temperament categories of potential guide dogs by avoiding anthropomorphism or misinterpretation of dogs' behaviour. Wilsson, Erik; Sundgren, Per-Erik. The use of a behaviour test for the selection of dogs for service and breeding: I: Method of testing and evaluating test results in the adult dog, demands on different kinds of service dogs, sex and breed differences. In: Applied Animal Behaviour Science 1997. 53 (4): 279-295. Abstract: The behaviour test results of 1310 German shepherds and 797 Labrador retrievers, 450-600 days of age, were evaluated. The purpose was to investigate whether the behaviour tests, previously used at the Swedish Dog Training Centre, could be used to select dogs for different kinds of work and for breeding. Ten behavioural characteristics were scored based on the dogs' reactions in seven different test situations. All tests were conducted by one experienced person. Marked differences in mental characteristics were found between breeds and sexes, but particularly between various categories of service dogs. Regardless of differences in the behaviour profiles of these service categories, there were marked similarities between different categories of service dogs compared with dogs found to be unsuitable for training as service dogs. To interpret the data, an index value was created, based on the test results for each individual dog, and was found to be an excellent instrument for selecting dogs for different types of work. For both breeds the factor analysis resulted in four factors. In comparing the different characteristics, the same pattern was found in both breeds, with the exception of the characteristic prey drive, which seems to be irrelevant for Labrador retrievers. The conclusion is that a subjective evaluation of complex behaviour parameters can be used as a tool for selecting dogs suitable as service dogs. The results also show that the use and correct interpretation of behaviour tests can be enhanced by adjusting the results for each breed and planned service category. Odendaal, J. S. J.. Animal-assisted therapy: Magic or medicine? Journal of Psychosomatic Research October,2000. 49 (4): 275-280. Abstract: A sound theoretical basis supported by scientifically measured physiological parameters is needed to gain medical support for animal-assisted therapy. Six neurochemicals associated with a decrease in blood pressure were measured in humans (n = 18) and dogs (n = 18) before and after positive interaction. Results (P < .05) indicated that in both species the neurochemicals involved with attention-seeking or attention is egens behavior have increased. This information can be used as a rationale for animal-assisted therapy Khan, M. A.; Farrag, N.. Animal-assisted activity and infection control implications in a healthcare setting. Journal of Hospital Infection September, 2000. 46 (1): 4-11. Abstract: Animal-assisted activity/therapy (AAA/T) is an emerging science using animals to solve human problems. It is aninterdisciplinary approach using animals as an adjunct to other conventional therapies. The benefits include improved physical, social,emotional or cognitive functioning. Studies in the past have shown lowering of blood pressure and increased survival in those who owna pet. This may not be effective for all individuals, however, it is essential that a complete assessment be made before implementation of AAA/T. The goals of such a therapy must be defined. Animal bites, allergies and zoonoses are the major animal-associated healthhazards. The type of AAA/T and needs of the patients are important issues to be considered. Specific guidelines including suitability of patients, animals and infection control policies need to be formulated before initiation of AAA/T. Such an intervention would also require additional resources and there may be legal implications. Patricia Crowley-Robinsona, Douglas C. Fenwicka and Judith K. Blackshaw. A long-term study of elderly people in nursing homes with visiting and resident dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science April 1996 , (1-2): Pages 137-148 Abstract : Three nursing homes in the Brisbane area took part in the study. The Moreton Bay Nursing Care Unit (20 females, 11 males) had a visiting dog (each week), the Returned Services League War Veterans Home (24 females, eight males) had a resident dog and the Wheeler Garden Settlement (25 females, seven males) the visiting researcher only (control). A desexed female whippet, 11 months old was used in this study. Tension and confusion were reduced in the nursing home with a resident dog (X2 = 21.18, d.f. = 10, P = 0.02; X2 = 35.42, d.f. = 10, P = 0.0001, respectively). The resident dog group showed significant decreases in depression (X2 = 31.19, d.f. = 10,P = 0.0005) as did the control group (X2 = 29.8, d.f. = 10, P = 0.0009; X 2 = 23.4, d.f. = 10,P = 0.009).Significant increases in vigour were found in all three nursing homes (visiting dog, 2 = 43.91, d.f. = 10, P = 0.0005; resident dog, X2 = 42.92, d.f. = 10, P =0.0005; control, X2 = 38.52, d.f. = 10, P = 0.0005). Fatigue decreased significantly in the visiting and resident dog groups (X2 = 21.58, d.f. = 10,P = 0.02; X2 = 19.45, d.f. = 10, P = 0.03, respectively).This long-term study indicates that there are many benefits from having a resident dog in a nursing home. However, if this is not an option, visiting dogs and/or visiting people improve the lives of nursing home resident. Lynette A. Hart, R. Lee Zasloffa and Anne Marie Benfattoa. The socializing role of hearing dogs .Applied Animal Behaviour Science April ,1996 . 47(1-2): 7-15 Abstract: The relationships between hearing dog ownership and the
owners' levels of loneliness, changes in social interactions with people,
and life stress were studied retrospectively by questionnaire in a sample
of 38 hearing dog owners and a control group of 15 prospective owners. The
hearing dogs fulfilled the owners' primary expectation of alerting them to
sounds. A sense of security, their second highest concern, was also addressed.
Owners felt safer when they were alone with their hearing dog than before
obtaining one. Companionship was the third-rated reason for acquiring the
dog and owners reported being significantly less lonely after receiving a
hearing dog (P < 0.01). Most owners and prospective owners described a
role of the hearing dog as changing interactions within the family. Owners
also D. R. Lanea, J. McNicholasb, and G. M. Collisb. Dogs for the disabled: benefits to recipients and welfare of the dog. Applied Animal Behaviour Science . August ,1998 . 59 (1-3) : 49-60 Abstract: Dogs for the Disabled is an organisation recently established in the UK to provide trained assistance dogs to enhance the mobility and independence of people with physical disabilities. Fifty-seven recipients of a Dog for the Disabled (90% of all recipients) took part in a questionnaire survey to assess satisfaction with their dog, commitment to the dog's welfare, and other changes in their life brought about by obtaining their dog. Subjects reported an increased sense of social integration, enhancement to self-perceived health, and an affectionate, often supportive, relationship with their dog. Levels of satisfaction with the dog's work and the quality of the recipient¯dog relationship were greater in subjects for whom the idea to have a dog was their own than in subjects who were influenced by other people to acquire a dog. These differences were small but statistically significant and may be a useful predictor in future applicants of the success of the working relationship. Sanders, Clinton R. The impact of guide dogs on the identity of people with visual impairments. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (3): p. 131-139 Abstract: Explores the effect of peoples' association with guide dogs on how they understand and feel about themselves and how those with whom they interact regard them. Data upon which this discussion is based are drawn from ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a program that bred and trained guide dogs and placed them with clients who had visual impairments. The concepts of personal, collective, and social identity are used to situate the discussion. Of central importance is the way working with a guide dog shapes public interaction and how owner' self definitions and social identities are extended by being intimately involved in the owner-dog team. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Bizub, Anne Laura Transformation of the blind person's world through her relation with a guide dog. Duquesne U., US,UMI Order number: AEH9913999 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering.Univ. Microfilms International: US, 1999 Jun. 59 (11-B): p. 6060 Abstract: The purpose of the investigation was to phenomenologically describe the transformative nature of the guide dog-owner relationship. Although the primary focus was on the individual's experience of change in terms of self, world, and other, consideration was given to the dog and how it is illuminated by the relationship. A theoretical integration of sociocultural, historic, literary, linguistic, clinical and medical literature provided a hermeneutic base from which to understand the meaning of blindness. Empirical-Phenomenology was then used to reveal the blind person as Mitsein, existing in the space of the world as an embodied Dasein. In addition, the existential status of the guide dog was discussed in light of Heidegger and his critics, ultimately revealing the dog as Dasein's embodied kin, a living essence, and a world-disclosing partner. Data were gathered from three women who had varied histories of use with guide dogs. Individual Phenomenal Descriptions were analyzed into meaning units and were then reconstituted into situated structures. A general structure revealed that ownership of a guide dog involves a dramatic shift in the way a blind person relates to herself, the world and others. This shift may be experienced as either a contraction or an expansion, and is often noticed on one's first solo outing with one's first guide dog. Moreover, transformations of lived experience continue to unfold with each guide dog partnership. Expansions are experienced as positive gains by the individual. They may occur while working with the dog or when the dog is out of harness. Contractions occur in those moments when the dog ignores its training. Returning to the Individual Phenomenal Descriptions, it became evident that in these moments of expansion and contraction, the dog may become highlighted as an instinctive creature, or as a unique character in its own right. The guide dog is an embodied kin to its owner. And, like its owner, it shapes and is shaped by their relationship. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Coppinger, Raymond; Zuccotti, Jule Kennel enrichment: Exercise and socialization of dogs. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc: US, 1999. 2 (4): p. 281-296 Abstract: Discusses kennel enrichment for dogs. Kennels produce dogs for a variety of services, including companion animals, guide and police dogs, and subjects for biomedical and dog food research. Thousands of dogs spend their entire lives in kennels, leading sterile lives in contrived environments on contrived diets, necessarily adapting to stresses signalled by a high frequency of genetic disease and behavioral abnormalities. The modern kennelled dog is a genetically changing entity. Socialization and exercise recommendations, including those consistent with a restoration ecologist approach, cannot apply to all breeds or to all variations within a single breed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Koda, Naoko; Shimoju, Sadakazu Human-dog interactions in a guide-dog training program. Psychological Reports. Psychological Reports: US, 1999 Jun. 84 (3, Pt 2): p. 1115-1121 Abstract: Examined dyadic interactions between 6 female and 6 male neutered, 1-yr-old dogs and 20 women (aged 20-40 yrs), 14 men (aged 20-40 yrs) and 10 girls (aged 8-13 yrs) who were unfamiliar with each other. Also examined was the effect of sex differences in dogs and humans, as well as age differences in humans on human-dog interactions in a guide-dog training program. Female dogs more actively regulated their distance from humans than male dogs. Dogs made contact with women more frequently than with men, and men made contact with dogs more frequently than women. Girls initiated interactions with dogs more frequently than women; girls formed reciprocal interactions with dogs less frequently than women. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Milligan, Kristen Evaluation of potential dog guide users: The role of the orientation and mobility instructor.Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1999 Apr. 93 (4): p. 241-243 Abstract: Examined the role that orientation and mobility training and evaluations of potential dog guide users in the process of applying to dog schools. Orientation and mobility specialists completed a survey designed to determine the criteria of the admissions departments of 13 dog guide schools. The results show a variety of in personal traits and abilities desired and assessed by the dog guide programs. Eight respondents mentioned the importance of problem-solving skills, with an emphasis on the importance of applying orientation skills to unfamiliar environments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Murphy, Julie A. Describing categories of temperament in potential guide dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Elsevier Science Inc.: US, 1998 Jun. 58 (1-2): p. 163-178 Abstract: Trainers at the Royal Guide Dogs Associations of Australia (RGDAA) assess 12-mo-old potential guide dogs for 20 categories of temperament after walking and observing each dog over 5 days. The present study investigated how trainers interpret these temperament categories from the canine behavior observed. Trainers who had no prior knowledge of the dogs on the videotapes observed the tapes and pointed out segments which, in their opinion, showed dogs expressing particular categories of temperament. 102 segments of tape were isolated and examined in detail. Descriptions or 'indicator sets' were determined for nine temperament categories. Each set lists the elements of behavior shown by dogs in 60-69, 70-79 and >=80% of cases. Indicator sets were not determined for categories that were rarely identified by trainers, rarely observed in dogs, or which could not be assessed from a single videotaped walk. It is best to interpret temperament categories from many elements of behavior rather than just one or two. If adopted by other guide dog associations, the indicator sets derived from this study may be useful in standardizing the identification and assessment of temperament categories of potential guide dogs by avoiding anthropomorphism or misinterpretation of dogs' behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Blasch, Bruce B.; Stuckey, Kenneth A. Accessibility and mobility of persons who are visually impaired: Ahistorical analysis. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1995 Sep-Oct. 89 (5): p. 417-422 Abstract: unassigned Traces the historical development of orientation and mobility training and environmental modifications to increase access for the blind. Attitudinal change has always been the greatest barrier to accessibility and mobility for the visually impaired. Until the 20th century, use of any mobility aid was considered to indicate that people who were blind were different and often helpless. The work of Seeing Eye and other guide dog schools brought major changes in attitudes of both the general public and people who are blind. Some environmental modifications, social policy, and laws facilitating accessibility were initiated 60 yrs before the American National Standards Institute accessibility standards were developed in 1959, which generally is considered the beginning of the accessibility movement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Nicholson, Jill; Kemp-Wheeler, Susan; Griffiths, David Distress arising from the end of a guide dog partnership.Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1995. 8 (2): p. 100-110 Abstract: unassigned Reports a survey conducted by the Guide Dogs for the Blind Association (GDBA) in UK, to measure the distress caused to Guide Dog Owners (GDOs) by the end of a partnership, and to identify the circumstances associated with high levels of distress. 75 GDOs whose previous partnership had ended within the past year were interviewed regarding their experiences during the transition period. A subsample of 43 Subjects were assessed on levels of distress attributable to end of the partnership, using Goldberg General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) and Grief Rating Scale (GRS). High distress levels were found in Subjects whose dog had died, been withdrawn from partnership, or rehomed through GDBA. The transition was especially painful if the dog had a special significance for the owner, if the partnership ended abruptly, or if there was a poor relationship with GDBA. Emotions expressed were similar to those following the loss of a pet or a close friend. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Murphy, Julie A. Assessment of the temperament of potential guide dogs. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1995. 8 (4): p. 224-228 Abstract: 11 trainers with 1-20 yrs experience determined whether 89 12-mo-old dogs were suitable to become guide dogs for the blind. The dogs were given a temperament assessment test. Each dog's behavior was observed by a trainer over 5 walks. After the 5th walk, the trainer gave each dog an overall score of 0-3, based on his/her overall impression of the suitability of the dog's temperament for guiding work. Each dog was then videotaped on its final assessment walk. The consistency of individual trainers' scoring was also tested by having each trainer assess 10 dogs again after a 2nd viewing. Overall, results show that the more experienced trainers varied in their assessments of dogs as much as the entire group of trainers. This indicates that having more experience does not correlate with adhering more closely to a standard assessment. Recommendations for refinement of assessment procedures are given. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Robson, Howard Dog guide and blind person: The matching process. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness.1985 Oct. 79 (8): p. 356 Abstract: Discusses the variations of temperament and physique exhibited by dog guides and potential masters that must be considered when they are paired. The author recommends keeping these considerations on a simple, factual level, noting the animal's sensitivity, its future surroundings, and the blind person's capacity for controlling the dog. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) Jackson, A. J.; Murphy, P. J.; Dusoir, T.; Dusoir, H.; and others. Ophthalmic, health and social profile of guide dog owners in Northern Ireland. Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics. Elsevier Science Ltd.: England, 1994 Oct. 14 (4): p. 371-377 Abstract: unassigned Assesses the ophthalmic, health, social, educational and employment status of 90 guide dog owners in Northern Ireland using a 27-part questionnaire; a control group of 90 Subjects was used for comparison. Only 96 out of an estimated 28,000 registerable visually impaired persons, resident in Northern Ireland, currently make use of guide dogs for the blind. Results from this study indicate that guide dog owners represent a young, healthy, and highly motivated subgroup of blind persons who have been profoundly visually impaired for prolonged periods of time. They were more likely to have received special education and adult employment training; only 28 of Subjects reported other health problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. Early prediction of adult behaviour in potential guide dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1986 Jun. 15 (3): p. 247-260 Abstract: Between 4 wks and 6 mo of age, 102 cross-bred and pure-bred dogs (Labradors, Boxers, German Shepherds, and Kelpies) were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests to assess the ability of these tests to predict fearfulness, activity, and learning ability in adulthood. Consistent individual differences in fearfulness were apparent at about 8 wks of age, and the ability to predict adult fearfulness increased with age. The most useful tests involved responses to a strange person, dog, or place and certain unusual objects. Subjects responded to fear by inhibiting movement. Consistent individual differences in activity from 4 wks of age were found, but this behavior correlated poorly with the activity of the Subjects when adult. None of the tests predicted performance on specific learning tasks. Implications for selecting seeing-eye dogs are discussed. ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) ARTICLE. Clark-Carter, D. D.; Heyes, A. D.; Howarth, C. I. The efficiency and walking speed of visually impaired people.Ergonomics. 1986 Jun. 29 (6): p. 779-789 Abstract: Blind pedestrians, if allowed to set the pace when accompanied by a sighted guide, will prefer to walk at a speed close to that of sighted pedestrians. However, when walking independently they adopt a pace slower than their preferred walking speed. Adopted walking speed was converted into a proportion of preferred walking speed in 2 experiments with 3 blind cane users (Exp I) and 3 guide-dog users (Exp II). It was found that Subject data may be pooled and comparisons made that had hitherto been impossible. Furthermore, statements may be made about the physiological efficiency of a performance. For example, efficiency was found to vary with route difficulty and to increase with increased preview, and only users of guide dogs reached their optimum efficiency. (French, German & Japanese abstracts) (14 ref) ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. A multivariate analysis of the genetics of fearfulness in potential guide dogs.Behavior Genetics. 1985 Jan. 15 (1): p. 69-89 Abstract: Investigated (1) the differences among 4 breeds of dogs (Labrador, German shepherd, boxer, and Australian kelpie [sheepdog]), (2) heterosis, (3) the possibilities for within-breed selection to decrease fearfulness in potential guide dogs and (4) the effects of environment on fearfulness. A diallel cross was carried out using the 4 breeds, and 38 measures of fearfulness were recorded. Findings indicate that the variation between litters was described by 3 discriminant functions: One function, which measured general fearfulness, showed significant genetic variation but no nongenetic between-litter variation. The other 2 functions showed a mixture of genetic and environmental variation. Of the 3 functions, only general fearfulness affected a dog's suitability as a guide dog. Labradors were the least fearful, and German shepherds were the most fearful of the 4 breeds. There was no heterosis for general fearfulness, but there was significant within-breed genetic variation, implying that fearfulness could best be reduced by a selection program among Labradors. Optimum methods of selecting against general fearfulness are discussed. (36 ref) ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. The relationship of fearfulness to, and the effects of, sex, age and experience on exploration and activity in dogs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 1984 Apr. 12 (3): p. 267-278 Abstract: The correlations between measures of activity in different situations, including inhibitory training, were positive but low in a study of 102 potential guide dogs tested at 6 and 12 mo of age. Activity in nonstressful situations was independent of fearfulness. There appears to be individual variation between dogs that determines whether a dog responds to fear by increasing or decreasing activity. Fearfulness was correlated with high visual and auditory exploration. General fearfulness was uncorrelated with olfactory exploration and fear of certain objects likely to be encountered in such places. Between 6 and 12 mo, Subjects showed a decline in activity and unwanted exploration. Females showed a higher level of activity during inhibitory training and a higher level of olfactory exploration than males. (25 ref) ((c) 1999 APA/PsycINFO, all rights reserved) Goddard, M. E.; Beilharz, R. G. Genetics of traits which determine the suitability of dogs as guide-dogs for the blind. Applied Animal Ethology. Elsevier Science Inc.: US, 1983 Jan. 9 (3-sup-4): p. 299-315 Abstract: unassigned Analyzed the records of 887 dogs enrolled in training to become guide dogs for the blind. 250 of these Subjects also had scores for performance when fully trained. To test for agreement among judges, 6 trainers graded the same 9 Subjects. The most important traits causing Subjects to be rejected as unsuitable for training were fearfulness, being too easily distracted (especially by other dogs), and aggressiveness. Factor analysis of scores of 17 traits yielded 5 factors: Distraction, General Performance, Sensitivity, Fearfulness, and Fearfulness accompanied by High Activity. There were no negative correlations between desirable traits, so it should be possible to obtain an overall improvement in performance. Comparison of Subjects from a breeding program with Subjects donated as puppies shows that the breeding program improved the Subjects in the 3 important traits. Females were more fearful and distracted by scents but less aggressive and distracted by dogs than males. There was significant genetic variation for fearfulness and possibly for dog distraction, suggesting that future selection on these criteria will further improve the standard of the dogs. (18 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Jacobson, William Complementary travel aids for blind persons: The Sonicguide used with a dog guide. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness. American Foundation for the Blind: US, 1979 Jan. 73 (1): p. 10-12 Abstract: unassigned Studied an experienced dog guide traveler to determine if use of a Sonicguide along with the dog would enable her to make more educated judgments about her course of travel. The training program is described, outlining the procedure of using the Sonicguide first with the long cane and then with the dog guide. The training proved successful, but several questions were raised that need further research. (6 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Uexkuell, J. V. The problem of the dog used as a guide.. Zeitschrift fuer Angewandte Psychologie. 1933. 45 p. 46-53 Abstract: unassigned The author criticizes the methods used by a Potsdam agency for the training of dogs to act as guides for blind persons. The result of these rather mechanical methods is that the dogs lose their independence and initiative and react only to those obstacles and dangers which they have met during the training period. The author also indicates the way in which Sarris trains his dogs so that they remain in a certain sense self-reliant. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Steffens, Melanie C.; Bergler, Reinhold Blind people and their dogs: An empirical study on changes in everyday life, in self-experience, and in communication. In: Cindy C. Wilson, Ed; Dennis C. Turner, Ed. Companion animals in human health.. Sage Publications, Inc Sage Publications, Inc: Thousand Oaks, CA, US Thousand Oaks, CA, US, 1998. p. 149-157 of xvii, 310pp.Intended Audience: Psychology: Professional & Research Abstract: chapter The exploratory study reported in this chapter asked blind people how their lives are with and without guide dogs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 80 21-71 yr old and older blind people in Germany, 40 of whom had a guide dog. Content analyses revealed that dependence on others, constant nervous strain, social problems, and communication problems are the primary stress factors of blind people. Social support and the support given by a guide dog are some of the coping strategies that are used in regard to these stress factors.... A comparison of the use of mobility canes with the company of a guide dog indicated that those blind people who own a dog clearly prefer the animal, at least in most situations. To a lesser extent, this statement also holds for a comparison of human chaperones with guide dogs. Blind guide dog owners feel more independent with their dogs than they do in the company of a chaperone. Further, these data also indicate that the support provided by the guide dogs to their owners actually surpasses the initial high hopes held by the owners. Finally, both blind owners and nonowners perceive many benefits from a guide dog. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Dashnaw Stiles, Lisa Ann Animal-assisted therapy with children and the elderly: A critical review. United States International U., US,UMI Order number: AAI3014937 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Dec. 62 (5-B): p. 2480 Abstract: The experimental research on Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) with children and the elderly conducted from 1985 to the present was critically reviewed. The variables critiqued were (a) effectiveness of AAT, (b) outcome interpretation, (c) control group utilization, and (d) acknowledgement of risks (Beck & Katcher, 1984). Social interaction and focusing attention were the only variables consistently improved by AAT. Utilizing an animal as an assistant or enhancer to individual, group, physical, or speech therapy was consistently more effective than utilizing the animal as the only therapeutic agent as in animal visits, permanent placement, or short observations of an animal. AAT appeared to be more effective for elderly with Alzheimer's disease than those without the disease. Dolphins appeared to be more effective than other animals when working with severely disabled children. Eight studies contained biased factors including (a) omitting statistical data or analysis, (b) reporting nonsignificant trends, (c) inaccurately reporting data, (d) omitting acknowledgement of design flaws, (e) drawing biased conclusions, (f) utilizing biased variables, and (g) including case histories. All of the studies utilized an adequate control group. None of the studies adequately acknowledged risks. The history of AAT, previously written critical literature reviews of AAT research, and research conducted prior to 1985 were also discussed. Future research directly comparing AAT with different animals and different populations was recommended. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2002 APA, all rights reserved) Cieslak, Elizabeth Jean Animal-assisted therapy and the development of an early working alliance: The use of dogs in therapy with young adults. U Wisconsin - Madison, US,UMI Order number: AAI3012481 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Oct. 62 (4-B): p. 2051 Abstract: The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact
of a therapy dog on the development of an early working alliance and
perceived counselor credibility between young adult clients and their counselor.
It was predicted that the presence of a therapy dog would have a positive
impact on clients' ratings of working alliance as well as clients' ratings
of perceived counselor credibility. A counselor performed clinical intake
interviews with college students requesting services at a university counseling
center. Twenty-six students between the ages of 17 and 23 participated in
this investigation. Thirteen interviews were conducted with the therapy dog
present and thirteen interviews were conducted with client and counselor only.
Upon completion of the intake interview, each participant completed the Working
Alliance Inventory (WAI) and the Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale (CERS).
To test these hypotheses, t-tests were performed to compare differences
in mean scores between the dog group and the therapist only group on the
WAI, WAI-subscales, and the CERS. Results indicated that there were no significant
differences between the means of the two groups on any of the dependent
variables. The data suggests that the presence of the dog in the intake interview
had neither a positive or negative impact on client ratings of a working
alliance or perceived counselor credibility. Prior research in addition to
anecdotal Barak, Yoram; Savorai, Osnat; Mavashev, Svetlana; Beni, Avshalom Animal-assisted therapy for elderlyschizophrenic patients: A one-year controlled trial. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. American Psychiatric Press: US, 2001 Fal. 9 (4): p. 439-442 Abstract: Animal-assisted therapy (AAT) has been used as a therapeutic tool in various psychiatric populations, but there have been no published studies with elderly schizophrenic patients. The authors evaluated, in a blinded, controlled manner, the effects of AAT in a closed psychogeriatric ward over 12 months. Subjects were 10 elderly schizophrenic patients and 10 matched patients (mean age 79.1 yrs). The outcome measure was the Scale for Social Adaptive Functioning Evaluation (SAFE). AAT was conducted in weekly 4-hour sessions. Treatment encouraged mobility, interpersonal contact, and communication and reinforced activities of daily living (ADLs), including personal hygiene and independent self-care, through the use of cats and dogs as "modeling companions." The SAFE scores at termination showed significant improvement compared with baseline scores and were significantly more positive for the AAT group on both Total SAFE score and on the Social Functions subscale. AAT proved a successful tool for enhancing socialization, ADLs, and general well-being. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Drawe, Heather L. An animal-assisted therapy program for children and adolescents with emotional and behavioral disorders. Spalding U., US,UMI Order number: AAI9996963 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2001 Jun. 61 (11-B): p. 6130 Abstract: The animal-assisted therapy (AAT) program for children and adolescents utilizes animals as an adjunct to more traditional psychotherapeutic interventions. The purpose of the program is to utilize an animal(s) to facilitate the achievement of treatment goals with children who may not have responded as well as desired to previous intervention. The program model is based on research that children and adolescents benefit cognitively, socially and emotionally from their interactions with animals. This manual guides the clinician in implementing and evaluating an AAT program for children and adolescents with emotional and/or behavioral disorders. Presented is a history of the impact of animals on children and their development, a theoretical framework for conceptualizing the client and their needs, relevant theories of animal-assisted therapy, and information to implement an AAT program. Issues such as program design, animal selection, liability and infection control, program guidelines and contraindications for the use of AAT are addressed. Examples and issues regarding the functional use of AAT as an intervention are discussed. A detailed guide for the evaluation of the program using the Behavioral Assessment System for Children (BASC), the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), screening instruments for animals, and specific review of the records is provided. Implications and considerations are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Fine, Aubrey H., Ed Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice. Academic Press, Inc: San Diego, CA, US, 2000. xlix, 481pp. Abstract: cover Handbook on Animal-Assisted Therapy provides a comprehensive overview of the many ways in which animals can be used to assist therapists. Coverage includes how animals can assist specific patient populations, how animals can aid in specific settings, and how professionals can best select appropriate animals and design an AAT (animal-assisted therapy) program.... Humans have long had a special bond with animals, initially as work animals, then as pets, and now more frequently as therapeutic companions. Animals help the sick recover more quickly and help the aged live longer and more satisfying lives. Specially trained animals are now helping stroke victims, the handicapped, and others to regain or build lost faculties. Increasingly, animals assist in nonphysical/medical therapies, helping the stressed and angry relax and the shy be more forthcoming. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Kanamori, Masao; Suzuki, Mizue; Yamamoto, Kiyomi; Kanda, Masahiro; Matsui, Yoshimi; Kojima, Emi; Fukawa, Hirono; Sugita, Tomomi; Oshiro, Hajime A day care program and evaluation of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for the elderly with senile dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease. Prime National Publishing Corp: US, 2001 Jul-Aug. 16 (4): p. 234-239 Abstract: Examined the use of a combination of methods for evaluating the effects of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for the elderly with senile dementia in an adult day care center. AAT was implemented for a total of 6 biweekly sessions with 7 Subjects (average age 79.4 yrs) with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) or vascular dementia. There was a control group of 20 Subjects. Evaluation methods included the Mini-Mental State Exam, Nishimura's Activities of Daily Living, family interviews to assess behavioral pathology and endocrinological stress evaluation by assessment of salivary chromogranin A. Case illustrations are provided for a 76 yr old female and an 88 yr old female. Overall results show that behavioral assessments were lowered in the AAT group and were slightly worse in the control group. Salivary chromogranin A was relatively reduced in the last AAT session. Specific changes for each type of assessment are provided. It is concluded that a combination of assessment methods is a useful way to examine changes in dementia patients given AAT. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Panzer-Koplow, Sheridan Lynn Effects of animal-assisted therapy on depression and morale among nursing home residents. Rutgers The State U New Jersey - New Brunswick, US,UMI Order number: AAI9960112 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ Microfilms International: US, 2000 Jul. 61 (1-B): p. 544 Abstract: For many people in the United States, aging occurs in a context that values youth and independence. Although the losses experienced may lead to feelings of uselessness, low self-esteem, and depression, these psychological conditions are not considered a normal part of old age. Because of the rising cost of health care and an increasing number of older adults residing in nursing homes, there is an urgent need to draw upon additional ways of providing comfort, domesticity, and well-being in the lives of aging individuals. Until recent years, the therapeutic potential of animals has received little scientific attention, despite evidence pointing to the physical and psychological benefits of these interactions that dates back to our early ancestors. Pets are believed by some to be especially beneficial to the elderly because of the affection, stimulation, companionship, and positive regard they offer. In this study, a set of research hypotheses were formulated to investigate the effects of a ten week animal-assisted therapy (AAT) program on levels of depression and morale among residents of a geriatric nursing facility. Using a pretest-posttest research design, 35 volunteers from a large nursing home in New Jersey were randomly assigned to treatment and control conditions, using a wait-control format. Participants involved in the treatment group received weekly, individual visits with a facilitator and a trained therapy animal for at least 15 minutes, during which the participant was encouraged to interact with the animal in various capacities. Level of depression was assessed using the Beek Depression Inventory, II and the Geriatric Depression Scale, while morale was assessed using the PGC Morale Scale. Previous experiences and attitudes towards pets were measured by the Pet Attitude Scale. An independent sample t-test compared changes in scores on the dependent measures, revealing a nonsignificant improvement of scores on the GDS and PGC Morale Scale for the treatment group, as well as a nonsignificant improvement on the BDI-II for the control group. An analysis of covariance used to determine if previous experiences and attitudes towards dogs influenced the participants' responses to the program was not significant. However, a two-way analysis of variance used to examine the relationship between responses to the program and demographic variables suggested that females experienced greater improvement on GDS scores than males. A subjective experience questionnaire that was given to the treatment group at the conclusion of the program elicited primarily positive feedback regarding participants' experiences in the program, including reports of tactile comfort, diversional properties of the animal, and elevation of mood. Ways by which to strengthen future research are delineated, and include increasing the sample size, using other instruments such as qualitative assessments, and more closely evaluating the time frame in which these programs are offered. The role of animal-assisted therapy as a means by which to enhance the environment and emotional experience of nursing home residents is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Bernstein, P. L.; Friedmann, E.; Malaspina, A. Animal-assisted therapy enhances resident social interaction and initiation in long-term care facilities. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (4): p. 213-224 Abstract: A study was undertaken at 2 long-term care facilities to compare the effectiveness of Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) with Non-Animal Therapy (NAT) at providing opportunities for patients to engage in social interaction and to initiate social behaviors. 33 patients (in their 70s and 80s), both alert and semi- to nonalert, were observed during regular recreational therapy sessions. NAT activities included Arts and Crafts and Snack Bingo, while AAT involved animals from shelters brought to group sessions. Social behaviors were divided into Brief Conversations, Long Conversations, and Touch. The authors determined frequencies and rates of the behaviors, who initiated the behaviors and whether the behaviors were directed at other people or at the animals. During AAT, residents were involved in as much or more conversation with others, including the animals, as residents in NAT, and were more likely to initiate and participate in longer conversations. The most dramatic differences between therapy types were found in rates of touch: touching the animals during AAT added significantly to resident engagement in, and initiation of, social behavior. Since touch is considered an important part of social stimulation and therapy, the enhancement of touch by the animals is an important effect. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Marr, Carolyn A.; French, Linda; Thompson, Donna; Drum, Larry; Greening, Gloria; Mormon, Jill; Henderson, Irie; Hughes, Carroll W. Animal-assisted therapy in psychiatric rehabilitation. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 2000. 13 (1): p. 43-47 Abstract: 69 male and female psychiatric inpatients (aged 20-66 yrs) were randomized to either an animal-assisted therapy (AAT) psychiatric rehabilitation group or a similarly conducted control group without AAT, to test if AAT can improve prosocial behaviors. The Social Behavior Scale was scored daily and patients were monitored for 4 wks. Results show that there were no baseline differences between the 2 groups, but by week 4, patients in the AAT group were significantly more interactive with other patients, scored higher on measures of smiles and pleasure, were more sociable and helpful with others, and were more active and responsive to surroundings. The data suggest that AAT plays an important role in enhancing the benefits of conventional therapy, and demonstrates the benefit of including a non-AAT group for comparison. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Serpell, James A. Animal companions and human
well-being: An historical exploration of the value of human-animal relationships.
In: Aubrey H. Fine, Ed. Handbook on animal-assisted therapy: Theoretical
foundations and guidelines for practice.. Academic Press, Inc: San
Diego, CA, US, 2000. p. 3-19 of xlix, 481pp. Beck, Alan M. The use of animals to benefit humans:
Animal-assisted therapy. In: Aubrey H. Fine, Ed. Handbook on animal-assisted
therapy: Theoretical foundations and guidelines for practice.. Academic Press,
Inc: San Diego, CA, US, 2000. p. 21-40 of xlix, 481pp. Martin, Daun Adair A study of animal-assisted therapy and weekday placement of a social therapy dog in an Alzheimer's disease unit. Washington State U, US,UMI Order number: AAM9917440 Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences. University Microfilms International: US, 1999 Jul. 60 (1-A): p. 0073 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects
of (a) the application of 60 days of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) combined
with weekday placement of a social therapy dog in a special care unit for
people with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) on (b) scores of the residents
on assessments of agitation, sense of well-being, and long and short-term
memory retrieval. The subjects in the experimental group were a convenience
sample consisting of eight women with a diagnosis of dementia, residing in
a local special care unit of a care facility. The subjects in the two control
groups were a convenience sample of five men and nine women, also with diagnosis
of dementia, residing in two other local care facilities. Control Group One
lived in a locked special care unit and Control Group Two participants were
not segregated from other residents of that facility. All subjects were given
the <italic>Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory - Short Form</italic>
(1989), the <italic>Philadelphia Geriatric Center Morale Scale</italic>
(Lawton, 1972), and the <italic>Consortium to Establish a Registry
for Alzheimer's Disease</italic> Hagmann, Catherine Smith The effect of animal-assisted therapy on levels of measured anxiety and depression in residents of assisted living and health care communities. U Tennessee, US,UMI Order number: AAM9840302 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ. Microfilms International: US, 1999 Jan. 59 (7-B): p. 3693 Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) on levels of measured anxiety and depression in residents of assisted living and health care communities in East Tennessee. A second purpose was to analyze by use of a time series design the effect of thirty minutes of exposure to an AAT dog during a two-week period on anxiety and depression among a group of residents which was part of the original larger group of participants. A third purpose was to compare the experimental groups' and the control groups' attitudes about human and animal bonds. The final purpose of this study was to analyze assisted living and health care center's staff attitudes about animal-assisted therapy. The experimental group (N = 41) had been receiving AAT for an average of 8.4 years per facility (N = 5), and the control group (N = 39) members at seven separate facilities had not been receiving AAT. All participants voluntarily took part in the study. Based on the findings, the following are the major conclusions: (1) When the effect of AAT on levels of measured anxiety and depression in residents of assisted living and health care communities is examined by employing the BAI and the BDI, AAT does not contribute significantly to the reduction of anxiety; however, AAT does contribute significantly to the reduction of depression. (2) After two weeks of exposure to an AAT dog, there is an increase in levels of measured anxiety and depression in the experimental group (N = 9), and there is a decrease in levels of measured anxiety and depression from the time of pre-test to the time of post-test3 in the control group (N = 13). (3) Members of the original experimental group and members of the original control group have positive attitudes about human and animal bonds. Increasing the participants' length of exposure time to an AAT dog to 30 minutes per week for two weeks results in a slight increase in the group's positive attitude about human and animal bonds. (4) Staff perceptions that AAT is more effective at helping residents of assisted living and health care centers cope with depression, when considering anxiety and depression, are accurate when based on results from the BAI and the BDI. (Abstract shortened by UMI.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Banks, Marian Ribeiro The effects of animal-assisted therapy on loneliness in an elderly population in long-term care facilities. Louisiana State U Medical Ctr. In New Orleans, S. of Nursing, US,UMI Order number: AAM9827628 Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering. Univ. Microfilms International: US, 1998 Sep. 59 (3-B): p. 1043 Abstract: The purpose of this study was (1) to determine,
in an elderly population residing in long-term care facilities, the effects
of animal-assisted therapy (AAT) in combating loneliness, and (2) to
describe the characteristics of individuals who elected to participate
in AAT, as measured by the Demographic and Pet History Questionnaire (DPHQ).
Roy's systems model of adaptation provided the conceptual framework
for the study. Forty-five subjects from three long-term care facilities in
a southern city participated in the study. Subjects who met the established
criteria completed the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE), the UCLA
Loneliness Scale (Version 3), and the DPHQ. The subjects were randomly distributed
into the Control Group, Experimental Group I, and Experimental Group
II. The experimental groups received AAT for thirty minutes once a week (Experimental
Group I) or three times a week (Experimental Group II) for a 6-week period
while the Control Group did not receive any AAT. At the end of six
weeks, all 3 groups were post-tested with the UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version
3). The results of the pre- and post-test were analyzed using a one-way
analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The pre-test scores served as the covariate.
Results of the ANCOVA Barker, Sandra B.; Dawson, Kathryn S. The effects of animal-assisted therapy on anxiety ratings of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Psychiatric Services. American Psychiatric Association: US, 1998 Jun. 49 (6): p. 797-801 Abstract: Examined whether a session of animal-assisted therapy reduced the anxiety levels of hospitalized psychiatric patients and whether any differences in reductions in anxiety were associated with patients' diagnoses. Study Subjects were 230 patients referred for therapeutic recreation sessions. A pre- and posttreatment crossover study design was used to compare the effects of a single animal-assisted therapy session with those of a single regularly scheduled therapeutic recreation session. Before and after participating in the two types of sessions, Subjects completed the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, a self-report measure of anxiety currently felt. A mixed-models repeated-measures analysis was used to test differences in scores from before and after the two types of sessions. Statistically significant reductions in anxiety scores were found after the animal-assisted therapy session for patients with psychotic disorders, mood disorders, and other disorders, and after the therapeutic recreation session for patients with mood disorders. No statistically significant differences in reduction of anxiety were found between the two types of sessions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Crowley-Robinson, Patricia; Blackshaw, Judith K. Nursing home staffs' empathy for a missing therapy dog, their attitudes to animal-assisted therapy programs and suitable dog breeds. Anthrozoos. International Society for Anthrozoology (ISAZ): United Kingdom, 1998. 11 (2): p. 101-104 Abstract: The study was conducted at the Returned Soldiers League War Veterans Home at Pinjarra Hills (Brisbane, Queensland, Australia) where a spayed female Whippet, Heidi, was placed as a therapy dog. Of the 80 staff members, 47 (58.75%) returned completed questionnaires on attitudes towards Animal-Assisted Therapy (AAT) programs and the disappearance of Heidi 2 days after placement. The Pet Attitude Scale (D. Templer et al, 1981) was used in conjunction with the staff attitude questionnaire. Subjects with high Pet Attitude scores were more upset and liked dogs more than staff with medium or low scores. The staff with high scores were also more pleased when Heidi returned. Subjects who wanted a program were those who liked dogs the most and did not think having an AAT program would increase their workload. Staff who thought a dog should live at the nursing home were pleased when Heidi returned. Gentle/placid dogs were more frequently chosen than active dogs as suitable for AAT and the preferred size was medium with a short coat. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2000 APA, all rights reserved) Lynette A. Hart, R. Lee Zasloff. The role of police dogs as companions and working partners. Psychological Reports. 2000. 86:190-202 Abstract: Written responses to a questionnaire
by 255 officers who used canines in police work were assessed. Almost all
officers frequently played with, talked to, petted, and brushed their dogs
and believed the dogs benefitted their health and well-being. Officers whose
dogs slept indoors, often in the same bedroom, generally said they loved
their dogs and they described their dogs as calm rather than active, as indicated
by a multiple correspondence analysis. These 96 officers more than the 154
officers whose dogs slept outdoors or in kemmels also planned to remain in
canine work. Although departments often assumed responsibility for purchasing
the dogs, the more experienced officers usually were involved in the final
selection of dogs (logistic regression: p<.0001).Compared with
94 officers not involved in selecting their dogs, 106 officers with a specific
role in selecting their dogs planned to stay in canine work, as shown by
a multiple correspondence analysis. They believed the dogs had saved their
lives (p<.01)/ Over-all, officers reported spending 4.1 hr. on-duty and
2.9hr. off-duty per week training their dogs, and also played with them for
6.5hr. per week, assuring a regular pattern of exercise for the officers.
Virtually all officers valued canine service and believed the dogs enhanced
the department's effectiveness. This study showed that both close companionship
with the dog and involvement in selecting the dog were associated both with
satisfaction with the dog and with working as canine officer. Jane Eddy, Lynette A. Hart and Ronald P. Boltz. The effects of service dogs on social acknowledgments of people in wheelchairs. The Journal of Psychology. 1998. 122(1):39-45 Abstract: Able-bodied people often exhibit behaviors that show them to be socially uncomfortable upon encountering a physically disabled stranger. These behaviors include less eye contact, gaze avoidance, greater personal distance, and briefer social interactions. This study examined whether persons in wheelchairs with service dogs receive more frequent social acknowledgement from able-bodied strangers than people in sheelchairs without dogs receive. Behaviors of passerby were recorded by an observer who followed a person in a wheelchair at a distance of 15 to 30 feet. Observations were made in public areas amid pedestrian traffic, areas such as shopping malls and a college campus. Thebehaviors of passerby to the person in a wheelchair, with of without a service dog, were recorded, including smiles, conversation, touch, gaze aversion, path avoidance, or no response. Results indicated that both smiles and conversations from passerby increased significantly when the dos were present. These findings suggest that the benefits of service dogs for their owners extend beyond working tasks to include enhanced opportunities for social exchange. The service dogs substantially reduced the tendency of able-bodied people to ignore or avoid the disabled person. Assistance, Therapy and Working Dogs Program for Companion Animal Behavior School
of Veterinary Medicine 7/22/10 |